What is Hikikomori? Is it the Same as Agoraphobia?

Hikikomori. Image: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.

Have you ever heard the term 'hikikomori'? This term has gained popularity and resonance in Japanese society. As we know, the phenomenon of individuals in Japan opting to withdraw from their social environments has gained global attention. This occurrence has led to the emergence of the term hikikomori.

So, what exactly is hikikomori? Is hikikomori the same as agoraphobia? Curious?

What is Hikikomori?

Hikikomori syndrome has been prevalent in Japan since the 1970s. Hikikomori is a Japanese term that describes a condition in which an individual experiences extreme self-isolation. More specifically, it refers to the act of withdrawing excessively from one's social environment.

According to the Journal Frontiers in Psychiatry in an article titled 'Internet Addiction, Hikikomori Syndrome, and the Prodromal Phase of Psychosis', this disorder often affects individuals during their teenage or adult years. Those suffering from it tend to reject communication with others, including family members.

Additionally, these individuals may spend months or even years confined to their homes and rooms, staying away from social life for at least six months. They will only venture out occasionally.

Initially, the behaviors exhibited by hikikomori sufferers were linked to internet addiction. However, the effects of internet usage, whether intensive or not, do not seem to have a significant impact on the condition.

Hikikomori is still ambiguous in being classified as a disease. The American Psychiatric Association does not list hikikomori as a disorder in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This manual serves as a guide for psychiatrists to identify mental health issues.

The Term Hikikomori Coined by a Japanese Psychologist

Interestingly, the term hikikomori was coined by a Japanese psychologist, Tamaki Saito. He defined hikikomori as a state of self-isolation without engaging in social activities.

Beyond his expertise in psychology, Saito is also an accomplished writer. He introduced the term 'hikikomori' in his book titled 'Social Withdrawal: Adolescence Without End', published in 1988.

Causes of Hikikomori

Several factors may trigger the onset of hikikomori, especially negative social experiences that can lead to trauma. Incidents such as bullying or stress from work or social environments can serve as catalysts.

According to the Journal of Japanology in an article titled 'Analysis of Hikikomori Causes Through a Phenomenological Approach', there are two primary triggers that can lead an individual to experience hikikomori:

First, family factors. This can be considered a significant and vulnerable trigger. Family factors encompass the relationship between parents and children, whether it is overly close or driven by parental expectations.

In Japan, individuals experiencing hikikomori are often given space by their families to be alone and even receive support for this behavior. For many in Japanese society, hikikomori is seen as a shameful ailment that must be hidden. As a result, if a family member suffers from hikikomori, they are increasingly distanced from society, leading to a false sense of comfort in their isolation.

Ideally, family members should assist in the recovery process by encouraging the individual to reintegrate into their social environment.

Second, individual factors. Depression can play a significant role in leading to hikikomori. High levels of expectations and pressures can make an individual feel overwhelmed, stressed, and depressed. At this juncture, some may see hikikomori as the best way to cope.

Is Hikikomori Similar to Agoraphobia?

According to the Mayo Clinic, the symptoms of individuals suffering from hikikomori and agoraphobia are indeed similar. How is that possible? Both conditions are types of anxiety disorders in which individuals experience fear, often avoiding places or situations that may provoke panic, make them feel trapped, powerless, or embarrassed.

So far, mental health has been a rarely discussed issue in Japan. For many in the country, it is considered a shameful matter, especially for those in higher social classes. Consequently, many cases of hikikomori go unreported, rendering individuals seemingly lost to society.

Understanding hikikomori and its nuances is crucial for addressing the underlying issues and supporting those affected in their path toward recovery and social reintegration.